agetty is a small version of getty, usefull only to login on virtual console or serials port.
Sintassi:
agetty [optios] < velocity > [,... ] < port > [tarminal]
Opzioni:
"port" is the device to use, like tty1 if you want to use /dev/tty1
"velocity" a comma separated list of bps velocity.
"terminal" the kind of terminal emulation to use
Options
-h enable hardware control, i.e. RTS/CTS
-i don't show the content of /etc/issue before the user logon
-f < file > specify a diffent file to use instead of /etc/issue
-I initialization string to send to the terminal
-l specify a differnt program instead of /bin/login
-m try to autoscan for the modem transmission velocity
-t login timeout in seconds
-w Wait for or before to send the issue file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Define an alias for a command.
Typeing alias with no arguments cause to show the list of all the aliases
Typeing an alias with no value cause to erase the alias for that name
When defining a new alias there must be no blank-space between the name and the value
Sintassi:
alias [< name > [= < value > ] ... ]
Example:
alias dir='ls -al'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
alien converts packages between different distribution into Debian o RedHat formats.
Sintassi:
alien {--to-deb | --to-rpm} [options] < package_name >
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Search into the 'whatis' database, that contain info about the command system,
for one or more words. The 'whatis' database is generated thru' the command 'makewhatis'.
apropos, instead of whatis, display all the string that match with the search pattern
instead of only the first.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Schedule a command for a single execution
Sintassi: at [option] [datetime]
Opzioni:
[AM|PM] or [AM|PM]
today
tomorrow
| | ..
now
+ + < minutes | hours | days | weeks >
-q < a..z> Specify the letter that identify the "queue" where to put the job
-m Send a mail when the job is executed
-f < file > Get the command to run from this file
-l Act as 'atq'
-d Act as 'atrm'
-b Act as 'batch'
-v In 'atq' mode let to know the execution time
(1) at -f file_name [-m] time [date]
"file_name" is the script to be executed
"-m" send a mail message when the command is has been executed
"time" must be in the format hh:mm am/pm or can be 'midnight'
or in the form 'now+h'
"date" must be in the form "Dec 25 1994"
(2) at -l
list the command scheduled
(3) at -r job
delete the scheduled command
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This program is used internally by "cron" to see if there are jobs pending
on the "at" or "batch" tail. It usually is run every minutes.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
An interpreted language, very usefull for text manipulation and shell script.
Synonims are gawk and nawk
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
badblock is used to check the low-level integrity of a disk or partition, i.e.
it check for bad blocks/clusters
Sintassi:
badblocks [optons] < device > < number_of_blocks > [first_block]
Opzioni:
-b < block_size > Tell the size of every block. Default value is 1024
-w LOW-LEVEL FORMAT YOUR DRIVE, DO NOT USE !!!!
Esempi:
badblocks /dev/fd0 1440
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Generate on the stdout a banner of the text specified on the command line.
It is genereally used to print banners.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bourne Again SHel
This is just your shell, i.e. the "command.com" for windoze addicted
Shortcut Effect
Up Arrow Scroll the history backward
Dn Arrow Scroll the history forward
Left Arrow Move cursor back
Right Arrow Move cursor forward
Ctrl+b Move cursor back
Ctrl+f Move cursor forward
Backspace BackSpace
Ctrl+d Delete a char
Ctrl+a Move cursor to the start of the line
Ctrl+e Move cursor at the end of the line
Alt+f Move cursor one word forward
Alt+b Move cursor one word backward
Ctrl+l Clear the screen
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Strip the path from a filename, and eventually also the suffix
Sintassi: basename < pathname > [suffix]
Esempi:
basename /home/denny/test.awk
Return "test.awk"
basename /home/denny/test.awk .awk
Return "test"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
A job scheduler, the syntax is the same as 'at' but a job is executed only if
the system is not heavy loaded.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display one or more files, usually is also used to append one file to another.
Sintassi: cat [ option ] < file(s) >
Examples:
cat firstfile secondfile
cat head body tail > dog
Opzioni:
"-A" "--show-all" show all the non-printable chars, act like "-vET"
"-b" "--number-nonblank" number all the nonblank lines starting from 1
"-E" "--show-ends" append the symbol "$" at the end of each line
"-s" "--squeeze-blank" substitute multiple blanklines with only one
"-T" "--show-tabs" substitute the char with the symbol "^I"
"-v" "--show-nonprinting" convert all the non-printable chars into a visible form
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change the current directory
Esempi:
cd /tmp
Goes into the directory tmp
cd ~
Go into the user's home directory
cd ~kim
Goes into the kim's home directory
cd ..
Goes to the higher level directory
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
cfdisk is like "fdisk" eccept that it use an interactive interface.
Sintassi: cfdisk [options] [device]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This program change the attributes of a file on a Ext2 filesystem
Sintassi: chattr [options] [mode] < file >
Options/Attributes:
"+" Add the following attribute to the file
"-" Remove the following attribute from the file
"A" Tell to not update the access time (aime). This reduce the disk activity
"a" Tell that a file can be only open in "append" mode when someone want to write
"c" Let the kernel manage compression/decompression on the file (NOT IMPLEMENTED YET!)
"d" Tell to the dump program that this program must no be backup-ed
"i" The file is "immutable"
"s" When the file is delete the block occupated by it are filled with zero.
"S" Syncronize all the operation upon this file, without using the disk cache
"u" Let undelete this file (NOT IMPLEMENTED YET!)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Let to change the "finger" (name, address, telephone) information stored into /etc/passwd
Sintassi: chfn [options] [user]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change the group that own a file or directory. See "chown" for the complete syntax
Sintassi: chgrp [options] [group]
Opzioni: "-R" Change the permission into every sub-directory
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change the permissions upon the specified file or directory
Sintassi:
chmod [options] < mode > < file >
Opzioni: "-R" change the permission into the subdirectories
Mode Sintassi: [ugoa][[+-=][rwxXstugo]
"u" the user that own the file
"g" the group that own the file
"o" the other users
"a" everybody
"+" add those permissions
"-" remove those permissions
"=" assign those permissions
"r" Add the read permission
"w" Add the write permission
"x" Add the execute permission
"X"
"s"
"t" Enable the sticky bit.
"u" Set the same permission has the user that own the file
"g" Set the same permission has the group that own the file
"o" Set the same permission has the "other" user
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change the user that own a file
Sintassi: chown [options] [user][:|.][group] file
Opzioni: "-R" change the permission into the subdirectories
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Let you change the predefinite shell into /etc/passwd. It is possible to set only an
existing shell, mentioned into /etc/shells
Sintassi: chsh [options] [user]
Opzioni:
"-s " "--shell " Let you specify a shell
"-l" "--list-shells" Display the content of /etc/shells
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change the current Virtual Terminal, i.e. switch the terminal like ALT +[Fn] programmatically
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Access the hardware clock of the machine
Sintassi: clock [-u] [-r | -w | -s | -a]
Opzioni:
"-u" Set the clock in Universal Time (UTC)
"-r" Display the hardware clock
"-w" Update the system clock with the hardware clock
"-s"
"-a" Update the system clock with the hardware clock in conjunction with the
error adjustment specified into /etc/adjtime
Esempi:
clock -w Update the system clock with the value into the BIOS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Old Compression utility, generate a file with .Z suffix. To unzip use uncompress
Sintassi: compress [-v] < file_name > "-v" display the compression rate
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copy one or more file or directory
Sintassi:
cp [option] < source > < target >
"-a" same as "-dpR", make an exact copy of everything (include symlink)
"-b" maintain a backup copy of every file that is overwritten
"-d" or "--no-deference" copy symlinks without the linked file
"-f" or "--force" force overwrite of the target file
"-i" or "--interactive" ask for confirmation before overwite any file
"-l" or "--link" make hard-link instead of copy file
"-P" or "--parents" Copy the path specified into the source
"-p" or "--preserve" keep orignal date, owner and permission
"-r" recursive copy every subdirectory, every file is considered normal
"-R" or "--recursive" recursive copy every subdirectory
"-s" or "--symbolic-link" make a symlink instead of copy the file (not true for directory)
"-S < backup_suffix >" or "--suffix="
Specify a suffix to use when making backup copies of overwritten files
"-V < backup_type >" or "--version-control=< backup_type >"
Specify how to handle backup copies
Backup Types:
"t" "numbered" number every backup copy
"nil" "existing" perform a numbered backup for only the file that already have been
backup-ed with "t"
"never" "simple" perform a simple backup, non numbered copy just only one
Environment Variables:
VERSION_CONTROL Contain the backup type.
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX Contain the suffix to use when making a "simple" backup
Examples:
cp -r /test/* ~/test
cp -dpR /test ~/test
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Manage archive of files, like TAR.
cpio is used instead of cp or other tools because:
- It can access tape drives on other hosts using TCP/IP.
- `-o' and `-p' can copy symbolic links either as symbolic links or, with `-L', as the files they point to.
- `-i' automatically recognizes the archive format and tries to recover from corrupted archives.
- The output of '-itv' looks like 'ls -l'.
- It accepts long-named options as well as traditional single-character options.
Syntax "copy-out " : cpio -o [options] [< name list] [> ]
Read from the standard input a list of names (one for line) that are archived
to the standard output
Syntax "copy-in" : cpio -i [options] [] [< ]
Read from the standard input the name of the archive from wich extract the files
Syntax "copy-pass" : cpio -p [options] < target dir > [< name list >]
Read from the standard input a list of names (one for line) that are copied
to the destination directory
Opzioni:
"-o" "--create" copy-out
"-A" "--append" Append data to an archive specified with the "-O" option
"-L" "--dereference" copy only the symlink not the file
"-O < archive name >" Specify the name of the archive to create or append instead of the
standard output
"-i" "--extract" copy-in
"-d" "--make-directories"
"-E < file >" "--pattern-file=< file >"
Read a model that list the file to extract
"-f" "--nomatching" Copy the files that do not match with the specified model
"-I < archive >" Specify the name of the archive to use instead of the standard input
"-t" "--list" List the content of an archive
"-p" "--pass-through" copy-pass
"-d" "--make-directories"
"-l" "--link" create link instead of copy the files
"-L" "--dereference"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Let you modify the "crontab" file for a specified user. The crontab file is used by the
daemon cron (a system scheduler) to run specified program at a given time.
"crontab -l" view the current crond settings
Sintassi:
crontab [options] [file]
Opzioni:
-u Replace the crontab of the user with the specified file
-l View the crontab of that user
-e Create or modify the crontab of the user
-r Delete the crontab of the user
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Show/modify the current system's date and/or time
Sintassi: date [options] [+ format] [date]
Opzioni:
"-d < date >" "--date=" Display the date-time
"-s < date >" "--set=" Set the new system's date-time
"-u" "--universal" Display or set the date-time in universal time (UTC)
Examples:
date + "%r" display only the time
date + "%D" display only the date
Formats:
%% Show a "%"
%n newline
%t tab
%s number if second from the specified epoch
%c same as the string "%a %b %d %X %Z %Y"
%H hour in format 00..23
%I hour in format 00..12
%k hour in format 00..23
%l hour in format 00..12
%M minutes in format 00..59
%S seconds in format 00..59
%p AM or PM
%Z include timezone
%r time in 12 hour format ``hh:mm:ss AM/PM''.
%T time in 24 hour format ``hh:mm:ss''
%X time like the string "%H:%M:%S"
%a short week day name
%A long day name
%U week of the year, between 00..53
%w day of the week, between 0..6 where 0 is sunday
%b Show month name
%h like %b
%B long month name
%m month in format 00..12
%y year in format 00..99
%Y year in format 0000..9999
%d day of the month in format 00..31
%j day of the year in format 01..366
%D date in format `mm/gg/aa'
%x local date view
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
dd (Data Dublicator or Data Dump) is a low level copy program.
Sintassi: dd [options]
Opzioni:
if=< file > Specify the input file or device
of=< file > Specify the output or the device
ibs= Specify a block size in byte for the input file
obs= Specify a block size in byte for the ouput file
bs= Ovveride both ibs and obs parameters
cbs= Specify the dimension of the buffer used to convert the file
skip= Specify how many block to skip before to start reading from the input file
seek= Specify how many block to skip before to start writing to the output file
count= Specify the amount of block to be copied
conv=[,]...
Specify one or more conversion step
Conversion types:
ascii Convert from EBCDIC to ASCII.
ebcdic Convert from ASCII to EBCDIC.
ibm Converte from ASCII-IBM to EBCDIC.
block Treat the input file like a set of record that end with the "newline" char.
This record are trunced or expanded to fit the dimension of a block upon the
output file
unblock Every block of the input file is readed and the final spaces are substituted
with a newline char.
lcase Trasform from uppercase to lowercase
ucase Trasform from lowercase to uppercase
swab Exchange pair of byte, i.e. from bigendian to littleendian and viceversa
noerror Ignore every error into the reading of the input file
notrunc The output file isn't truncated if it is bigger than the required space
sync Adjust the lenght of every input block adding a newline char at the end
Suffixes:
Every option that require a byte value or block lenght can be take a suffix to specify a greate
quantity. These are:
"b" specify block of 512 byte
"c" char (1byte)
"k" size is expressed in kilobyte (1024 bytes)
"w" size is ( n * 2 )
"x" size is ( n * m )
Exampes:
dd if=/vmlinuz of=/dev/fd0 This copy the kernel upon your floppy disk
dd if=/vmlinuz of=/dev/fd0 obs=18k Same as above, but 3"1/2 floppy disk use a block size of 18 KB
dd if=disk.img of=/dev/fd0 Copy an image upon floppy
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
'depmod -a' will create the file 'modules.dep' under '/lib/modules'.
This file is used to find the kernel modules by the "kerneld" daemon
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The dev directory contain special files that permit direct access to the hardware
/dev/fd0 first floppy unit
/dev/hda first IDE/EIDE hard disk
/dev/hda1 first partition on the first IDE/EIDE hard disk
/dev/hdb second IDE/EIDE hard disk
/dev/sda fisrt SCSI hard disk
/dev/sda1 first partition on the fisrt SCSI hard disk
/dev/lp0 first parallel port
/dev/lp1 second parallel port
/dev/cua0 first serial port, i.e. COM1:
/dev/ttyS0 first serial port, only in input
/dev/null the NULL device, every read or write has no effect
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display the amount of free space on the disks
Sintassi:
df [options] [device]
Opzioni:
"-a" "--all" Show info upon all the devices
"-b" "--byte" Display memory in bytes
"-h" "--human-redable" Display info into "human readable" form :-)
"-i" "--inodes" Display size into inode
"-k" "--kilobytes" Display memory in kilobytes
"-m" "--megabytes" Display memory in megabytes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Compare two text files and create a 'diff' file to be used by the patch program to
apply them. Used widely into the kernel (or large) development project
Sintassi: diff [-b] [-i] [-w] < file or dir > < file or dir >
"-b" treath multiple blank/spaces as only one
"-i" ignore the char case
"-r" recurse subfolders
"-w" ignore tabs and space
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Configure the color for the 'ls' command.
Use: eval `dircolors [options] [file]
Opzioni:
If a file is not specified then dircolors try to use first ~/.dir_colors then it
look for /etc/DIR_COLORS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display the list of the directories stored into a stack.
To save/restore a dir the command 'pushd' and 'popd' are used
Sintassi: dirs [-l] [+/-n]
Opzioni:
"+n" Show only "n" elements form the top of the stack
"-n" Show only "n" elements form the bottom of the stack
"-l" Show the list into the "long" format
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Return the directory name from a filename specified in input
Sintassi: dirname < file_name >
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Debian Package Manager. Install, deinstall, update any debian package
Sintassi:
Usage:
dpkg -i|--install <.deb file name> ... | -R|--recursive < dir > ...
dpkg --unpack <.deb file name> ... | -R|--recursive < dir > ...
dpkg -A|--record-avail <.deb file name> ... | -R|--recursive < dir > ...
dpkg --configure ... | -a|--pending
dpkg -r|--remove | --purge ... | -a|--pending
dpkg --get-selections [ ...] get list of selections to stdout
dpkg --set-selections set package selections from stdin
dpkg --update-avail replace available packages info
dpkg --merge-avail merge with info from file
dpkg --clear-avail erase existing available info
dpkg --forget-old-unavail forget uninstalled unavailable pkgs
dpkg -s|--status ... display package status details
dpkg --print-avail ... display available version details
dpkg -L|--listfiles ... list files `owned' by package(s)
dpkg -l|--list [ ...] list packages concisely
dpkg -S|--search ... find package(s) owning file(s)
dpkg -C|--audit check for broken package(s)
dpkg --print-architecture print target architecture (uses GCC)
dpkg --print-gnu-build-architecture print GNU version of target arch
dpkg --print-installation-architecture print host architecture (for inst'n)
dpkg --compare-versions < b > compare version numbers - see below
dpkg --help | --version show this help / version number
dpkg --force-help | -Dh|--debug=help help on forcing resp. debugging
dpkg --licence print copyright licencing terms
Use dpkg -b|--build|-c|--contents|-e|--control|-I|--info|-f|--field|
-x|--extract|-X|--vextract|--fsys-tarfile on archives (type dpkg-deb --help.)
For internal use: dpkg --assert-support-predepends | --predep-package |
--assert-working-epoch
Opzioni:
--admindir=< directory > Use < directory > instead of /usr/var/dpkg
--root=< directory > Install on alternative system rooted elsewhere
--instdir=< directory > Change inst'n root without changing admin dir
-O|--selected-only Skip packages not selected for install/upgrade
-E|--skip-same-version Skip packages whose same version is installed
-G=--refuse-downgrade Skip packages with earlier version than installed
-B|--auto-deconfigure Install even if it would break some other package
--largemem | --smallmem Optimise for large (>4Mb) or small (<4Mb) RAM use
--no-act Just say what we would do - don't do it
-D|--debug= Enable debugging - see -Dhelp or --debug=help
--ignore-depends=,... Ignore dependencies involving
--force-... Override problems - see --force-help
--no-force-...|--refuse-... Stop when problems encountered
Comparison operators for --compare-versions are:
lt le eq ne ge gt (treat no version as earlier than any version);
lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl (treat no version as later than any version);
< << <= = >= >> > (only for compatibility with control file syntax).
Use `dselect' for user-friendly package management.
Examples:
dpkg -i
Install the specified package
dpkg -r
Erase the previous installed package without deleting the configuration files
dpkg --purge
Full erase the installed package
dpkg -l
List all the installed packages
dpkg -S
Try to indentify which package contain the file specified into the model
dpkg -C
Check for pending packages to install
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display the amount of space used by a directory or a file
Sintassi: du [options] [dir or file ]
Opzioni:
"-a" "--all" Show info upon all the devices
"-b" "--byte" Display memory in bytes
"-c" "--total" Display a general total
"-h" "--human-redable" Display info into "human readable" form :-)
"-i" "--inodes" Display size into inode
"-k" "--kilobytes" Display memory in kilobytes
"-m" "--megabytes" Display memory in megabytes
"-s" "--summarize" Display a total for every argument
"-S" "--separate-dirs" Do not display the space used by subdirs
"-x" "--one-file-system" Do not go into different filesystem mounted on some subdirs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
echo a string to the standard output
Sintassi: echo [options] "string"
Opzioni:
"-n" do not start a new line
"-e" enable parsing of escape sequences
"-E" enable parsing of escape sequences
Escape sequences:
\a bell
\b backspace;
\c suppress the final newlin char
\f form feed
\n newline
\r carriage return
\t tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\ooo a char code into octal system
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Let you assign and modify the "quota" for every user. This need the presence of the
files quota.user and quota.group
Sintassi: edquota [options] [user]
Opzioni:
"-u" Modify the user quota
"-g" Modify the group quota
"-p
egrep
Tee "E"xpanded version of "grep"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Exit, exits from a shell, from a "su" session, from a console and many more ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Format a floppy disk at low-level
Sintassi: fdformat [-n] < device_name >
Esempi: fdformat /dev/fd0 Format the disk into your drive A:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
fdisk is a program to edit the partition table of your HD
If you don't know what i'm talking about don't use it !
You may delete everything on your PC !!
Sintassi: fdisk [options] [device]
Opzioni:
-l List all the partition on hard-disk IDE and SCSI
-s < partition > Get the size of that partition
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Tell you what kind of file is the one you specified. Require the file /etc/magic
Sintassi: file [options] < filename >
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Search for one or more file and output his/their complete path
Sintassi: find < starting_path > [options]
Opzioni:
"-atime +days" search file not accessed for n days
"-depth" start from the last subdirectoy instead that from the root
"-exec command \;" for every file execute a command
"-iname < file_name >" search for a case-insensitive pattern
"-mtime +days" search file not modified for n days
"-name < file_name >" search for a case-sensitive pattern
"-noleaf" do not optimize the search, to be used on cd-rom
"-ok command \;" for every file execute a command asking user confirmation
"-print"
"-user < user_name > "
"-xdev" search only into this Filesystem, does not search into
mounted subdirectory (i.e., cdroms, NFSs)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Show the amount of free memory (RAM)
Sintassi: free [options]
Opzioni:
-b Show size in bytes
-k Show size in kilobytes
-t Show a line with totals
-o Disable buffer adjusting
-s update results each the nr. of secs.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Check the integrity of a filesystem. This is a front-end to a serie of fsck.* files
like (fsck.ext2, fsck.dos, fsck.xia, ecc.)
Sintassi: fsck [options] [-t ] []
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This command, also know as "e2fsck", check an ext2 filesystem
Sintassi: fsck.ext2 [options]
Opzioni:
-c Use "badblocks" to check damaged block
-f Force the checking f the fs
-F Flush the disk cache before to start checking
-n Perform a read-only control without changing anything
-p Perform an automatic repair of the filesystem
-y like -p
Exit status:
0 no errors
1 errors
2 errors upon a mounted FS, need reboot
4 errors not fixed
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This command, also know as "dosfsck" let you check a DOS-FAT16 filesystem.
Sintassi: fsck.msdos [options]
Opzioni:
-a Perform an automatic repair of the filesystem
-r Interactive repair of the filesystem
-t mark not-readable cluster as bad-blocks
Exit status
0 no errors
1 found solvable errors
2 syntax errors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Tell wich user is locking a file
Sintassi: fuser [options] < file >
Opzioni:
-a Show all the listed files not only the used once
-k Kill all the process that are using that files
- Send the signal to the process who are using the file
-m Means that the file is a device
-u Tell the user that is owning the process who own the file
-v Use a table format to show file in use
-s Suppress output
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Getty is a program that is run at boot time. It let you login on your system.
Sintassi: getty [options] [ [type] ]
Opzioni:
"-c " Check the syntax of a gettydefs file, like /etc/gettydefs
"-d " Specify a configuration file rather tha /etc/gettydefs
"-r " Second to delay before to display the login message
"-w " Set a string to wait before to start to displaying the login prompt
"-t " Set the timeout for the login
Example (/etc/inittab) :
# Start getty to listen on the first virtual console
1:12345:respawn:/sbin/getty tty1
# Start getty to listen on the second serial line
s1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty ttyS1 DT19200 vt100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
A daemon to handle mouse selection, and also cut & past, in textmode
Sintassi: gpm [options]
Opzioni:
-B < button order sequence > Set the button order sequence
-t < type > Set the mouse type
-2 Force a 2 button mouse
-3 Force a 3 button mouse
-S "command1:command2:command3" Set commands for the mouse "triple-click"
Mouse types:
mman Mouseman.
ms Microsoft with 2 or 3 button
bare Microsoft with 2 button
msc MouseSystem with 3 button
sun MouseSystem variant
mm MMSeries
logi Logitech serial mouse
bm Microsoft BusMouse or compatible
ps2 IBM PS/2 Busmouse and compatible (the ones with a circular connector)
ncr NCR3125pen.
wacom Wacom graphical table
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Change the shadow-password for a group stored into /etc/gshadow
The password for a group is used to let users that are not member of this group to
become parts of it by the command "newgrp"
Sintassi: gpasswd [options]
Opzioni:
-A Modify the list of the administrators for that group
-M Modify the list of user part of that group
-a Add a user for that group
-d Let an administrator to delete a member
-r Let an administrator to delete a password
-R Let an administrator to disable access through the use of password
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Search for a pattern into one or more files
Syntax "grep": grep [options] text_pattern file_names
Syntax "egrep": grep [options] -e text_pattern file_names
Syntax "ggrep": grep [options] -f text_pattern file_names
Opzioni:
"-c" output only the total of line matching the expression
"-E" use an extended regular expression
"-e" Specify a model to search
"-F" use a fixed string model
"-f" specify a file with the model
"-G" use a normal regular expression
"-h" suppress heading
"-i" case insensitive
"-l" display the name of the non-matching files
"-l" display only the files name that content match the expression
"-n" append the number of line
"-v" search for lines that does not contain the text
"text_pattern" can contain the following special chars
"^" search for the text at the starting of the line
"$" search at the end of the line
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Show the groups list or the group wich a user is member
This command is the same as "id -Gn [user] "
Sintassi: groups [users]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Check the syntax of the file /etc/group and of /etc/gshadow (using also /etc/passwd
Sintassi: grpck [-r] [ []]
"-r" force to program to not make any changes only to output problem
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Convert the group file /etc/group into /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
Sintassi: grpconv
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
UnConvert the shadow password to the normal group /etc/group
At the end the file /etc/gshadow is erased.
Sintassi: grpunconv
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Uncompress a .gz file, compressed with gzip
Esempi:
gunzip -d backup.tar.gz will return "backup.tar" and erase backup.tar.gz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Compress one file. To unzip use the gunzip command
Sintassi: gzip [options] [file]
"-9" use the maximum compression value
"-c" ouput the result to the standard output
"-d" force decompression instead of compression
"-r" recursively compress every file into a sub-directory
"-t" check the integrity of compressed files
Esempi:
gzip -9 backup.tar create "backup.tar.gz" and will erase backup.tar
Display the user's ID (UID) or the group ID (GID)
Sintassi: id [options] [user]
Opzions:
"-u" "--user" Display only the UID
"-g" "--group" Display only the GID
"-G" "--groups" Display only the numbers of extra group
"-n" "--name" Display only the user or group name
"-r" "--real" Display only the real UID/GID
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Init is the first task that the kernel execute. His job is to start, according
to the choosen runlevel, the script for starting, stopping or rebooting the system.
Sintassi: init [options]
Opzioni:
-t Nr. of seconds to wait before to change "runlevel"
0..6 Change to a runlevel between 0 and 6
a|b|c Run one of the "on demand" level
q ReScan /etc/inittab
s Go into single user
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
A text-base reader for "info" documentation
Sintassi: info [options] [voice]
Opzioni:
--directory Specify where to find info files
-f < file > Specify an info file
-n Specify a particular node
Keyboard Shortcuts:
q Quit the program
h View the on-line help
? View the list of all available command
d View the 'dir' file
l Return back to the previous node
n View the next node
p View the previous node
u View the upper node
SPACE Scroll the node forward
CANC Scroll the node backward
b Go to the beginning of the node
TAB move the cursor thru' the hyperlink
ENTER go to the selected hyperlink
s apple Search for 'apple' inside the text
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copy a file assigning permission to it
Sintassi: install [options]
Options (see 'cp') :
"-b" "--backup"
"-S" "--suffix"
"-V" "--version-control"
Options :
"-d < directory >" Create the specified dirs
"-g " Specify the owner group
"-m " Specify the permission
"-o " Specify the user who own the file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This install a Slackware Package
Sintassi:
installpkg [options] < package_filename >
"-warn" Don't perform the installation just prompt what will happen
"-r" Use current directory as root for installing the package
"-m" Make a package from the content of the current directory
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display the list of jobs
Sintassi: jobs [options] [job]
Opzioni:
-l Display with PID
-p Display only PID
-n Display only the jobs that toggled their fg/bg state
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
A usefull editor, also included in my "Little Italy Linux"
It accept command like the old Turbo Pascale editor
Commands:
CTRL + K + F Search/Replace
CTRL + K + S Save current file without quitting
CTRL + C Quit without to save, loosing chages
CTRK + K + Z Quit saving if changed something
Change the keyboard mode. This program is only used to debug a new keyboard layout.
Please don't use them if you are not Linus Torvald.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the most famous program in the world, with "hallo world".
It's an old communication program thru' serial lines, we suggest to use 'minicom'
if you want test you internet connection.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
kerneld is a 'daemon' that provide auto-load of modules. As example, if you need PPP,
kerneld will automatically load it when necessary without running the modprobe or the
insmod command. The behaviot of kerneld is controlled by the file '/etc/conf.modules'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Send a "signal" to a process
Sintassi: kill [options] [PID]
Opzioni:
-s Specify the name or number of the signal to send
-l Display a list of all the available signal
Signals:
1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP
6) SIGIOT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1
11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP 21) SIGTTIN
22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU 25) SIGXFSZ 26) SIGVTALRM
27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH 29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Send a signal to all the process who are executing a specified command
Sintassi: killall [options] [ - ] []
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
?????
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the daemon to log the kernel messages.
Sintassi: klogd [-f log_file]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display log information about the "login" and the "logout" from /var/log/wtmp
of all the user or only from a single user
Sintassi: last [options] [user]
Opzioni:
- or -n
Display only "number" events
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Update the file /etc/ld.so.conf.cache and all the system libraries, also add
symlink to the right librarie version
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sintassi:
lilo [options]
-C < configuration file > Specify a configuration file rather than /etc/lilo.conf
-r Specify a pseudo-root dir
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the configuration file used by "lilo"
It accept the following options :
boot=/dev/hda
Specify on which partition or device will be installed LILO.
Don't user /dev/hda if you installed WindowNT as your default system.
prompt
Tell LILO to dispay a prompt when it start
timeout=50
Number of 1/10 seconds to wait before LILO exit from the prompt and load the default image
image=/boot/vmlinuz
With this line start a definition of a Linux kernel image to be loaded. Every line after
this will be refered to this image.
label=linux
Name to be used for the image at the LILO prompt
root=/dev/hda2
Specify wich partition must be mounted as root (i.e. /) for the specified image
read-only
Needed if you are mounting an ext2fs partition
other=/dev/hda1
With this line start the definition of a image to be loaded of another OS.
label=dos
Tell the label to use.
table=/dev/hda
( I DON'T KNOW !)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Create a link (hard or symbolic) to one or more files or dirs
Sintassi: ln [options] source_file(s) target_file_or_dir
Opzioni:
"-n" ask before overwrite an existing file with a link
"-s" make a symbolic link instead of an "hard link"
"-b" or --backup
"-f" or --force
"-i" or --interactive
"-S" or --suffix
"-V" or --version-control
"-d" or "-F" or "--directory"
Permit to create and hard link to a directory
"-n" or --no-dereference
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Boot a Linux kernel from DOS
Sintassi:
Esempi:
LOADLIN c:\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro
Boot an ext2 partition on /dev/hda2
LOADLIN c:\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda1 rw
Boot an umsdos partition
loadlinX c:\vmlinuz root=c: rw
Boot an umsdos partition upon C:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display/Set the LOCALE information (i.e. internetional settings)
Sintassi: locale [options]
Opzioni:
-a | --all-locale
Show all the LOCALE name
-m | --charmaps
Show all the avilable char maps
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Logger let you add information to the system log
Sintassi: logger [-f file_to_include] [message]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Output the name of the user you have used at login prompt, reading it
from /var/run/utmp
To know which user are you currently using use 'whoami' instead.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Print a file
Sintassi:
lp [-c] [-d < printer >] [-m] [-n < copies >] [-o < print_options > ]
[-P < page_to_be_printed >] [-w] < file_to_print >
Opzioni:
"-c" make a copy of the file to be printed
"-d" specifies an output printer
"-m" send a mail message when the print job is completed
"-n" number of copies to print
"-o" specifies print Opzioni: nobanner, nofilebreak, cpi=
lpi=, lenght=i, lenght=l, width=
width=i
"-P" specifies which pages have to be printed
"-w" display a message on the screen when the print job is completed
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
List the files present into a directory
Sintassi: ls [options]
Opzioni:
"-l" display info into a "long" format
"-a" display all the files including hidden files
"-A" like "-a" but does not show the "." and ".." directory (VERY USEFULL)
"-q" Change non-printable chars with the "?" symbol
"-R" Recurse thru' subdirectories
"-t" Sort the result starting from the most recent modify-date
"-c" Sort the result starting from the most recent change-date
"-u" Sort the result starting from the most recent access-date
"-e" Display full date time for the files.
"-i" Show inode
"-r" Sort in reverse order
"-B" Ignore backup files (~)
"-C" Use a vertical format organized in columns
"-F" Apped a char at the end of a file, depending on its type:
* program;
/ directory;
@ symlink;
| pipe;
= socket
"-S" Sort by size
"-X" Sort by extension
"-1" format using a single column, one file per line
"-w " Set the width of the ouput, used if you have a screen more than 80 chars or less
"-I " Exclude listing of the specified patterns
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Show the attribute of a file on an ext2 file system
Sintassi: lsattr [options] < files >
Opzioni:
"-R" Recurse thru' subdirs
"-a" All files, including hidden
"-d" Also list subdirs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
List all the modules loaded into the kernel
Sintassi: rmmod [-r] [module_name]
If the -r parameter is specified then rmmod try to 'recursively' remove all unneeded modules
depending on the specified once.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The second most know program by programmers :-)
Make is used to execute makefiles that usually automate the process of compiling
your software project
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The manpages viewer
Sintassi: man [options] [name]
Opzioni:
A section number is between 1 and 9, see manpages below
-f Act like 'whatis'
-h Show guide
-k Act like 'apropos'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
manpages are usually stored into /usr/share/man , dependly on their extension
they handle different topics, depending on their category:
1 user command
2 syscall
3 library function
4 devices
5 file formats
6 games
7 misc
8 system commands
9 kernel routine
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The famous "Midnight Commander", a clone of the Norton Commander dos program.
This is included by default into my "Little Italy Linux"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
mgetty is the daemon that allow you to login onto your system.
Its a very complex program.
Sintassi: mgetty [options] < linea-tty >
Opzioni:
"-x " Verbose Level from 0 (none) to 9
"-s " Port speed
"-r" Use a serial line with no modem
"-p " Customize the login prompt
"-i " Use a custom issue file instead of /etc/issue
Examples:
mgetty -r -s 19200 ttyS1
mgetty -r -x 9 -s 19200 ttyS1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Enable/disable the display of messages on the screen using the comamnd "write"
Sintassi: mesg [y|n]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
A small version of getty with no modem or serial line support to reduce memory use.
Do not use any configuration file.
Sintassi: mingetty [options] [virtual console]
Opzioni:
--noclear Do not clear the screen before the login
--long-hostname Display the complete computer name at the login prompt
Esempi:
mingetty tty1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Create one or more directories
Sintassi: mkdir [options] < directory > ...
Opzions:
"-m | --mode=" Define permission
"-p | --parents" Create the full-tree of parent dirs not only the target child
"--verbose" Verbose
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Make an ext2 file system on the specified device
Syntax for ext2 fs : mke2fs [options] < device > [dimension in blocks]
Syntax for dos fs : mkedos [options] < device > [dimension in blocks]
General Syntax : mkfs [ -t < fs type > ] [options] < device > [dimension in blocks]
Opzioni:
"-b < block size >"
"-c" Check badblocks
"-i "
"-q" Silent
"-S" Write only the superbock (Latest recover resource)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Make a ISO-9660 filesystem (cd-rom) image from the specified directory
Sintassi: mkisofs [options] < directory >
Opzioni:
"-a" Include all files
"-f" Symlinks are converted into the pointed files
"-m < model >" Exclude all the files or dirs that are present into the model
"-o < file >" Specify the output file for the image
"-R" Add the Rock-Ridge extensions
"-r" Adjust permission for the file into the ISOfs
"-T" Enable the creation of files TRANS.TBL into every directory
"-v" Verbose
"-x < directory >" Exclude that directory
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Create a FIFO or a special device file.
Sintassi: mknod [options] < file > [ < major nr. > < minor nr. > ]
Tyep:
"p" Create a FIFO
"b" Create a block buffered device
"c" Create a char buffered device
"u" Create a char unbuffered device
Opzioni:
-m [ | --mode=[ ] Set permission
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
modprobe is used instead of 'insmod' because it use 'modules.dep' to find the
dependencies the module need. In this way modprobe load all the needed modules
while insmod load only the specified modules.
Sintassi:
modprobe [options] [module_name] [module_parameters]
Opzioni:
-a Load all the modules
-c Show the current configuration
-l List all the available modules
-r Remove all loaded modules
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display the standard input one page at time on the screen
Sintassi:
more [options] [file]
Esempi:
cat /etc/passwd | more
more /etc/passwd
Keyboard Shortcuts
q Quit the program
h Show the on-line help
SPACE Show the next page
ENTER Show the next line
b Show the previous page
/apple Search the text for 'apple'
n Find the text again
CTRL+l Refresh the current screen
The 'less' command, additionally can use the arrow and page key to scroll
the text also if it cames from the standard input. Also it have this
additional shortcut:
y Show the previous line
?apple Search backward for 'apple'
N Repeat last backward search
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Mount the filesystem from a device into a directory (the mount point).
Sintassi:
mount [ -t < fs_type>] [-o ro|rw] < device_name > < mount_point >
Esempi:
mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /floppy
mount the windoze floppy a: under /floppy
mount -t iso9660 /dev/scd0 /cdrom
mount your scsi cdrom under /cdrom
mount -a
mount all the filsystems into /etc/fstab
mount -a -t nomsdos,nonfs
mount all the filsystems into /etc/fstab execpt the once that are of type msdos and nfs
Opzioni:
"-a" Mount all the FS into /etc/fstab execpt the once makerd with 'noauto'
"-t < FS-type > Specify the FS type
"-o < FS-Option > Specify "rw" or "ro" to mount the fs read/write or read/only
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Move files or directory, also rename, because rename is just as
moving into the same directory
Sintassi: mv [options] < source > < target >
Opzioni:
-b | --backup
-f | --force
-i | --interactive
-S | --suffix
-V | --version-control
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Run a command at a specified priority ( "nice" )
Sintassi: nice [options] [command] [arguments]
Opzioni: -n < nice > Assign a priority from -20 (higher) to +19 (lowest)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Run a command in a way that it cannot be interrupted with the signal (SIGHUP)
Esempi: nohup yes > /dev/null &
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
open let you start a command upon a new virtual console
Sintassi: open [options] [--] < command > [command options]
Opzioni:
-c < console number >
Specify a virtual console to use
-l
Treath the command as a login shell
Change your password or the once of a specified user
Sintassi: passwd [options] [username]
Opzioni:
"-s" view status information
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Apply a patch to one or more files.
The patch is usually created with the 'diff' command
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
This is not the MAIL daemon ! Its a utility to get-off from the directory
stack an item pushed with "pushd".
Sintassi: popd [+/-n]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display information about the processes currently running on the system
Sintassi:
ps [-l] [-a] [-e] [-f] [-t] [-u < user_names >]
"-l" display with long format
"-f" display the process dependencies (see pstree)
"-a", "-e" display all process
"-t" view process started from that terminal
"-u" view process started from that user
"-x" view process that run in background
"-r" view only the running process
"-h" strip the header from the ps list
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Display running process with a graphical tree
Sintassi: pstree [options] [ PID | user ]
Opzioni:
"-a" Show the command-line
"-p" Show the PIDs
"-u" Show UUID transaction
Esempi:
ps -u -p
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Add a directory on the top of the directory stack
Sintassi: pushd [< directory >] | pushd [+/-n]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
pwck check the integrity of the file /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow
Sintassi: pwck [-r] [ < passwd-file > [shadow-file]]
Opzioni:
"-r" read-only check, do not fix anything
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Convert your /etc/passwd into /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow. Password are
removed from the /etc/passwd file. If /etc/shadow already exist it is
simply updated.
This program does not get any parameters, any default value is taken
from /etc/login.defs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
pwd (Print Working Directory) output the name of the current directory
Sintassi: pwd [options]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
pwunconv make the reverse work of "pwconv". It convert /etc/shadow
into /etc/passwd then erase it.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The quotha manager, handle the amount of space a user can consume upon a system
Sintassi: quota [ options ]
Opzioni:
-u [ user ]
Get the quotas for the specified user
-g [ group ]
Get the quotas for the specified group
Examples:
quota
Get the quota for the current user
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Scan all the partition to update the files quota.user and quota.group,
its good to do this at boot time
Sintassi: quotacheck [ options ] [{< partition >|< mount-point >}...]
Opzioni:
-u
Scan user quota (default)
-g
Scan group quota
-a
Scan all the partition into /etc/fstab
-R
Scan all the partition into /etc/fstab except "/" (root)
Examples:
quotacheck /dev/hdb2
quotacheck /mnt/disco2
quotacheck -avug
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Enable quota manager
Sintassi: quotaon [ options ] [{< partition >|< mount-point >}...]
Opzioni:
-u
Enable user quota
-g
Enable group quota
-a
Enbale quota according to /etc/fstab
Examples:
quotaon /dev/hdb2
quotaon /mnt/disco2
quotaon -avug
Questo corrisponde all'utilizzo normale del programma, per attivare la gestione delle quote in tutte le partizioni montate e registrate nel file
/mnt/disco2 come soggette al controllo delle quote, sia degli utenti che dei gruppi.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Utility to set parameters into a kernel image
Sintassi:
Esempi:
rdev kernel_image device_name
Specify a new root device
rdev -R kernel_image 1
Specify to mount the root filesystem as read only
rdev -R kernel_image 1
Specify to mount the root filesystem as read/write
rdev -s kernel_image device_name
Specify to use a default swap file
rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hdb1
Configure the image upon a floppy to mount the rootFS from the first partition onto the secondary EIDE disk
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bash command to read a string from standard input
Sintassi: read [-a < array > ] [-p < prompt > ] [-r] [ < variabile >... ]
Opzioni:
-r
Parse "\" as a valid char
-a < array >
Fill a specified array with the parsed values
-p < prompt >
Output a prompt
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Deinstall a Slackware Package
Sintassi: removepkg [-warn] < package_name >
Opzioni: "-warn" do not really remove the package only warn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Run a command at a specified priority ( "nice" )
Sintassi: renice [ [-p] ... ] [ [-g] ... ] [ [-u] ... ]
Opzioni:
-g Specify a group PID (PGRP)
-u user Specify a user name
-p Specify a PID
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Reset the terminal if a lot of strange characters
appear on your screen. Sometimes this is a shell script.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove one or more file or an entire directory tree
Sintassi: rm [option] < target >
Opzioni:
-r | -R | --recursive
Recursively delete file into a directory
-i | --interactive
Ask before to remove
-d | --directory
Threat directories as files
-f | --force
Ovverride the -i parameters and delete without asking any confirmation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Erase any specified directory
Sintassi: rmdir [ options ] < directory >...
Opzioni:
-p | --parents
Erase also the parent directory if it is empty
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove a module from the kernel
Sintassi: rmmod [-r] [module_name]
If the -r parameter is specified then rmmod try to 'recursively' remove all unneeded modules
depending on the specified once.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
RedHat Package Manager, it install, deinstall, upgrade, etc., every RedHat package
Syntax (user rpm --help to gain the full help):
RPM version 2.3.10
Copyright (C) 1997 - Red Hat Software
This may be freely redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public License
usage:
--help - print this message
--version - print the version of rpm being used
-q - query mode
--root < dir > - use < dir > as the top level directory
--dbpath < dir > - use < dir > as the directory for the database
install, upgrade and query (with -p) allow ftp URL's to be used in place
of file names as well as the following Opzioni:
Package specification Opzioni:
-a - query all packages
-f < file >+ - query package owning < file >
-p + - query (uninstalled) package
--whatprovides < i > - query packages which provide < i > capability
--whatrequires < i > - query packages which require < i > capability
Information selection Opzioni:
-i - display package information
-l - display package file list
-s - show file states (implies -l)
-d - list only documentation files (implies -l)
-c - list only configuration files (implies -l)
--dump - show all verifiable information for each file
(must be used with -l, -c, or -d)
--provides - list capabilities package provides
--requires
-R - list package dependencies
--scripts - print the various [un]install scripts
-V
-y
--pipe - send stdout to
--verify - verify a package installation using the same
package specification options as -q
--dbpath < dir > - use < dir > as the directory for the database
--root < dir > - use < dir > as the top level directory
--nodeps - do not verify package dependencies
--nomd5 - do not verify file md5 checksums
--nofiles - do not verify file attributes
--setperms - set the file permissions to those in the package
database using the same package specification
options as -q
--setugids - set the file owner and group to those in the
package database using the same package
specification options as -q
--install
-i - install package
--prefix < dir > - relocate the package to < dir >, if relocatable
--dbpath < dir > - use < dir > as the directory for the database
--excludedocs - do not install documentation
--force - short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
-h
--hash - print hash marks as package installs (good with
-v)
--ignorearch - don't verify package architecture
--ignoreos - don't verify package operating system
--includedocs - install documentation
--nodeps - do not verify package dependencies
--noscripts - don't execute any installation scripts
--percent - print percentages as package installs
--replacefiles - install even if the package replaces installed
files
--replacepkgs - reinstall if the package is already present
--root < dir > - use < dir > as the top level directory
--test - don't install, but tell if it would work or not
--upgrade
-U - upgrade package (same options as --install, plus)
--oldpackage - upgrade to an old version of the package (--force
on upgrades does this automatically)
--erase
-e - erase (uninstall) package
--allmatches - remove all packages which match
(normally an error is generated if
specified multiple packages)
--dbpath < dir > - use < dir > as the directory for the database
--nodeps - do not verify package dependencies
--noscripts - do not execute any package specific scripts
--root < dir > - use < dir > as the top level directory
-b
-t - build package, where is one of:
p - prep (unpack sources and apply patches)
l - list check (do some cursory checks on %files)
c - compile (prep and compile)
i - install (prep, compile, install)
b - binary package (prep, compile, install, package)
a - bin/src package (prep, compile, install, package)
--short-circuit - skip straight to specified stage (only for c,i)
--clean - remove build tree when done
--sign - generate PGP signature
--buildroot < s > - use s as the build root
--test - do not execute any stages
--timecheck < s > - set the time check to S seconds (0 disables it)
--rebuild - install source package, build binary package and
remove spec file, sources, patches, and icons.
--recompile - like --rebuild, but don't build any package
--resign + - sign a package (discard current signature)
--addsign + - add a signature to a package
-K
--checksig + - verify package signature
--nopgp - skip any PGP signatures
--nomd5 - skip any MD5 signatures
--querytags - list the tags that can be used in a query format
--initdb - make sure a valid database exists
--rebuilddb - rebuild database from existing database
--dbpath < dir > - use < dir > as the directory for the database
--root < dir > - use < dir > as the top level directory
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Save into a text file every command you issue from the keyboard.
Very usefull for making shell script
Sintassi: script [-a] < file >
Opzioni:
"-a" Append the typed command to a pre-existing script file rather
than creating a new one
To quit the recording use the 'exit' command.
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Used to set some 'bash' behavious
Sintassi: set [flag] [... ]
Flags:
-a Automatically export any modified or create vars to the shell
-b Immediately report the status of a teminated background job
-e Immediately quit if a command return a value not zero
This not work if the command is inside of a while loop, an if statement, a
list "&&" o "||" or if the command was inverted with "!"
-f Disable file/path globbing
-h Store into a cache the position of each executable file that is run
-k Export to any sub-command every local variable
-m Enable Job control
-n Read command without execute (used to perform syntax checks)
-o